APU Sweep

An NES APU sweep unit can be made to periodically adjust a pulse channel's period up or down.

Each sweep unit contains the following: divider, reload flag.

$4001	EPPP.NSSS	Pulse channel 1 sweep setup (write)
$4005	EPPP.NSSS	Pulse channel 2 sweep setup (write)
bit 7	E--- ----	Enabled flag
bits 6-4	-PPP ----	The divider's period is P + 1 half-frames
bit 3	---- N---	Negate flag 0: add to period, sweeping toward lower frequencies 1: subtract from period, sweeping toward higher frequencies
bits 2-0	---- -SSS	Shift count (number of bits)
Side effects		Sets the reload flag

Calculating the target period

The sweep unit continuously calculates each channel's target period in this way:

1. A barrel shifter shifts the channel's 11-bit raw timer period right by the shift count, producing the change amount.
2. If the negate flag is true, the change amount is made negative.
3. The target period is the sum of the current period and the change amount.

For example, if the negate flag is false and the shift amount is zero, the change amount equals the current period, making the target period equal to twice the current period.

The two pulse channels have their adders' carry inputs wired differently, which produces different results when each channel's change amount is made negative:

• Pulse 1 adds the ones' complement (−c − 1). Making 20 negative produces a change amount of −21.
• Pulse 2 adds the two's complement (−c). Making 20 negative produces a change amount of −20.

Whenever the current period changes for any reason, whether by $400x writes or by sweep, the target period also changes.

Muting

Two conditions cause the sweep unit to mute the channel: 0 is sent to the mixer instead of the current volume. Muting is regardless of the enable flag and regardless of whether the sweep divider is not outputting a clock signal.

If at any time the target period is greater than $7FF, the channel is muted. In particular, if the negate flag is false, the shift count is zero, and the current period is at least $400, the target period will be large enough to mute the channel. (This is why several publishers' NES games never seem to use the bottom octave of the pulse waves.)

Because the target period is computed continuously, a target period overflow from the sweep unit's adder can silence a channel even when the enabled flag is clear and even when the sweep divider is not outputting a clock signal. Thus to fully disable the sweep unit, a program must turn off enable and turn on negate, such as by writing $08. This ensures that the target period is not greater than the current period and therefore not greater than $7FF.

If the current period is less than 8, the channel is also muted. This avoids sending harmonics in the hundreds of kHz through the audio path. This muting cannot be overridden because it is based on the current period.

Updating the period

When the frame counter sends a half-frame clock (at 120 or 96 Hz), two things happen.

1. If the divider's counter is zero, the sweep is enabled, and the target period is in range (see below), the pulse's period is adjusted. 2. If the divider's counter is zero or the reload flag is true, the counter is set to P and the reload flag is cleared. Otherwise, the counter is decremented.

When the sweep unit is muting the channel, the channel's current period remains unchanged, but the divider continues to count down and reload the (unchanging) period as normal. Otherwise, if the enable flag is set and the shift count is non-zero, when the divider outputs a clock, the channel's period is updated.

If the shift count is zero, the channel's period is never updated, but muting logic still applies.