Cycle reference chart

Clock rates

The clock rate of various components in the NES differs between consoles in the USA and Europe due to the different television standards used (NTSC M vs. PAL B). The color encoding method used by the NES (see NTSC video) requires that the master clock frequency be six times that of the color subcarrier, but this frequency is about 24% higher on PAL than on NTSC. In addition, PAL has more scanlines per field and fewer fields per second than NTSC. Furthermore, the PAL CPU's master clock could have been divided by 15 to preserve the ratio between CPU and PPU speeds, but Nintendo chose to keep the Johnson counter structure, which always has an even period, and divide by 16 instead.

So the main differences between the NTSC and PAL PPUs are depicted in the following table:

Property	NTSC (2C02)	PAL (2C07)	PAL Famiclone	RGB (2C03/4/5)	Brazil Famiclone	Argentina Famiclone
Master clock speed	21.477272 MHz ± 40 Hz 236.25 MHz ÷ 11 by definition	26.601712 MHz ± 50 Hz 26.6017125 MHz by definition	Like PAL	Like NTSC	21.453671 MHz 3.067875 GHz ÷ 143 by definition	21.492338 MHz 42.984675 MHz ÷ 2 by definition
CPU	Ricoh 2A03	Ricoh 2A07	UMC UA6527P	Ricoh 2A03	UMC UA6527
CPU clock speed	21.47~ MHz ÷ 12 = 1.789773 MHz	26.60~ MHz ÷ 16 = 1.662607 MHz	26.60~ MHz ÷ 15 = 1.773448 MHz	Like NTSC	21.45~ MHz ÷ 12 = 1.787806 MHz	21.49~ MHz ÷ 12 = 1.791028 MHz
APU Frame Counter rate	60 Hz	50 Hz	59 Hz	Like NTSC	Like NTSC
PPU	Ricoh 2C02	Ricoh 2C07	UMC UA6538	Ricoh 2C03, 2C04, 2C05	UMC UA6548	UMC UA6528
Master clocks per PPU dot	4	5	5	4	4
PPU dots per CPU cycle	3	3.2	Like NTSC
CPU cycles per scanline	341 × 4÷12 = 1132⁄3	341 × 5÷16 = 1069⁄16	341 × 5÷15 = 1132⁄3	Like NTSC
Height of picture	240 scanlines	239 scanlines	Like PAL	Like NTSC	thought to be like NTSC	thought to be like PAL
Nominal visible picture height (see Overscan)	224 scanlines	268 scanlines	Like PAL	Like NTSC	Like NTSC	Like PAL
"Post-render" blanking lines between end of picture and NMI	1 scanline	1 scanline	51 scanlines	1 scanline	1 scanline	51 scanlines
Length of vertical blanking after NMI	20 scanlines (≈ 2273 CPU cycles)	70 scanlines (≈ 7459 CPU cycles)	Like NTSC
Time during which OAM can be written	Vertical or forced blanking	Only during first 24 scanlines after NMI (≈2557 CPU cycles)	Like NTSC	Like NTSC
"Pre-render" lines between vertical blanking and next picture	1 scanline
Total number of dots per frame	341 × 261 + 340.5 = 89341.5 (pre-render line is one dot shorter in every other frame)	341 × 312 = 106392	Like PAL	341 × 262 = 89342	unknown	Like PAL
Total number of CPU cycles per frame	89341.5 ÷ 3 = 29780.5	106392 ÷ 3.2 = 33247.5	106392 ÷ 3 = 35464	89342 ÷ 3 = 297802⁄3	unknown	Like PAL famiclone
Frame rate (vertical scan rate)	60.0988 Hz	50.0070 Hz	Like PAL	60.0985 Hz	60.0324 Hz	50.5027 Hz
Color of top border	Always black ($0E)
Side and bottom borders	Palette entry at $3F00	Always black ($0E), intruding on left and right 2 pixels and top 1 pixel of picture	Like PAL	Like NTSC	Unknown	Unknown, probably like PAL
Color emphasis (with correlating bit in PPUMASK)	Blue (D7), green (D6), red (D5)	Blue (D7), red (D6), green (D5)	Like PAL	Blue, green, red (full scale)	Unknown
Other quirks	Early revisions cannot read back sprite or palette memory			Many	poorly-researched

Some frequencies in the above table are rounded.

The 2C03, 2C04, and 2C05 PPUs were all found in Nintendo's Vs. System and PlayChoice-10 (a.k.a. PC10 or PC-10) arcade systems. Famicom Titler, Famicom TVs, and RGB-modded NES consoles would use either the 2C03 or a 2C05 with glue logic to unswap $2000 and $2001. (Later RGB mods used a 2C02 in output mode and faked out all palette logic.)

The color emphasis bits on the PAL NES have their red and green bits in PPUMASK swapped

The authentic NES sold in Brazil is an NTSC NES with an adapter board to turn the NTSC video into PAL-M video, a variant of PAL using NTSC frequencies but PAL's color modulation.

Micro Genius is a clone of the Famicom, manufactured by TXC Corporation of Taiwan and sold under various brand names in the 50 Hz market. Among the best known brands is Dendy, distributed in Russia by Steepler, and the attention given by Russian reverse engineers to this clone has led to "Dendy" becoming a common name for all PAL Micro Genius-type famiclones. Its chipset (UA6527P+UA6538) is designed for compatibility with Famicom games, including games with CPU cycle counting mappers (e.g. VRC4) and games that use a cycle-timed NMI handler (e.g. Balloon Fight). This explains the faster CPU divider and longer post-render period vs. the authentic PAL NES.

To compensate for these differences, you can detect the TV system at power-on.

CPU cycle counts

To make things easier for those programming on the NES, the below chart provides the number of CPU cycles that a particular PPU-oriented trait takes.

Property	NTSC	PAL	Dendy
Scanline (341 pixels)	1132⁄3	1069⁄16	1132⁄3
HBlank (85 pixels)	281⁄3	269⁄16	281⁄3
NMI to start of rendering	22731⁄3	74593⁄8	22731⁄3
Frame	29780.5*	33247.5	35464
PPU dots ÷ CPU cycles	3	3.2	3
OAM DMA	513 (+1 if starting on CPU get cycles)

* NTSC frame timing is 29780.5 cycles if rendering is enabled during the 20th scanline; 29780²⁄₃ otherwise.

See also

• PPU frame timing
• PPU rendering
• Cycle counting