Mapper: Difference between revisions
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*(rarely) Altering how the [[attribute table]] is mapped to provide finer attribute control. | *(rarely) Altering how the [[attribute table]] is mapped to provide finer attribute control. | ||
*(rarely) Other sundry functions like fast multiplication. | *(rarely) Other sundry functions like fast multiplication. | ||
Most mappers fall into one of two categories: [[:Category:Discrete logic mappers|discrete logic]], and [[:Category:ASIC mappers|ASIC]] based. Some discrete logic mappers are susceptible to bus conflicts. Nintendo uses the term '''Memory Management Controller''' (or '''MMC''' for short) for its ASIC mappers ("Why Game Paks Never Forget" article in ''Nintendo Power'') (note: it may have originally stood for "Multi Memory Controller", at least according to Japanese). | Most mappers fall into one of two categories: [[:Category:Discrete logic mappers|discrete logic]], and [[:Category:ASIC mappers|ASIC]] based. Some discrete logic mappers are susceptible to bus conflicts. Nintendo uses the term '''Memory Management Controller''' (or '''MMC''' for short) for its ASIC mappers ("Why Game Paks Never Forget" article in ''Nintendo Power'') (note: it may have originally stood for "Multi Memory Controller", at least according to Japanese), while Konami's ASIC mappers use the name '''Virtual ROM Controller''' (or '''VRC'''). | ||
== Naming scheme == | == Naming scheme == | ||
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ASIC mappers are named after the ASIC (e.g. "MMC1" or "FME-7"), except in boards that use an ASIC in an unusual way (such as "TQROM", "TLSROM", or "NES-EVENT"). | ASIC mappers are named after the ASIC (e.g. "MMC1" or "FME-7"), except in boards that use an ASIC in an unusual way (such as "TQROM", "TLSROM", or "NES-EVENT"). | ||
The emulation community generally refers to mappers by a numbering scheme that originated with the [[iNES]] emulator (e.g. "mapper 002"). | The emulation community generally refers to mappers by a numbering scheme that originated with the [[iNES]] emulator (e.g. "mapper 002"). | ||
Some mappers that were assigned the same iNES number later received a [[submapper]] designation in [[NES 2.0]] to disambiguate their differences. | |||
The notation used in Disch's docs describing mappers is explained [[INES_Mapper_DischDocs|here]]. | The notation used in Disch's docs describing mappers is explained [[INES_Mapper_DischDocs|here]]. | ||
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| [[File:Mfr icon Nintendo.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 037|037]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Nintendo.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 037|037]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon BitCorp.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 038|038]] | | [[File:Mfr icon BitCorp.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 038|038]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 039|039]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Whirlwind Manu.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 040|040]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Whirlwind Manu.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 040|040]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Ntdec.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 041|041]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Ntdec.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 041|041]] | ||
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| [[File:Mfr icon Nintendo.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 099|099]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Nintendo.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 099|099]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon tools.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 100|100]] | | [[File:Mfr icon tools.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 100|100]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 101|101]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 102|102]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 103|103]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 103|103]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Codemasters.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 104|104]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Codemasters.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 104|104]] | ||
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| [[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 107|107]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 107|107]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 108|108]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 108|108]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 109|109]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 110|110]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon homebrew.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 111|111]] | | [[File:Mfr icon homebrew.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 111|111]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| [[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 120|120]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 120|120]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon NT.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 121|121]] | | [[File:Mfr icon NT.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 121|121]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 122|122]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 123|123]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 123|123]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 124|124]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Whirlwind Manu.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 125|125]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Whirlwind Manu.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 125|125]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 126|126]] | | [[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 126|126]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 127|127]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 128|128]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 129|129]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 130|130]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 131|131]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon TXC.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 132|132]] | | [[File:Mfr icon TXC.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 132|132]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Sachen.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 133|133]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Sachen.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 133|133]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 134|134]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 134|134]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 135|135]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Sachen.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 136|136]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Sachen.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 136|136]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Sachen.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 137|137]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Sachen.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 137|137]] | ||
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| [[File:Mfr icon AGCI.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 144|144]] | | [[File:Mfr icon AGCI.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 144|144]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Sachen.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 145|145]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Sachen.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 145|145]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 146|146]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Sachen.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 147|147]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Sachen.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 147|147]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Sachen.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 148|148]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Sachen.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 148|148]] | ||
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| [[File:Mfr icon Bandai.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 159|159]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Bandai.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 159|159]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 160|160]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 161|161]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 162|162]] | | [[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 162|162]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Nanjing.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 163|163]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Nanjing.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 163|163]] | ||
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| [[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 177|177]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 177|177]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Waixing.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 178|178]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Waixing.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 178|178]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 179|179]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Nichibutsu.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 180|180]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Nichibutsu.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 180|180]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 181|181]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Pirate MMC3.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 182|182]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Pirate MMC3.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 182|182]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 183|183]] | | [[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 183|183]] | ||
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| [[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 211|211]] | | [[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 211|211]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 212|212]] | | [[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 212|212]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 213|213]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 214|214]] | | [[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 214|214]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon Realtec.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 215|215]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 216|216]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 216|216]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 217|217]] | | [[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 217|217]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon homebrew.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 218|218]] | | [[File:Mfr icon homebrew.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 218|218]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon NT.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 219|219]] | | [[File:Mfr icon NT.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 219|219]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon tools.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 220|220]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Ntdec.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 221|221]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Ntdec.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 221|221]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 222|222]] | | [[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 222|222]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 223|223]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Jncota.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 224|224]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Jncota.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 224|224]] | ||
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| [[File:Mfr icon CnE.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 246|246]] | | [[File:Mfr icon CnE.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 246|246]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 247|247]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 247|247]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 248|248]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Waixing.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 249|249]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Waixing.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 249|249]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 250|250]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 250|250]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon | | [[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 251|251]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Waixing.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 252|252]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Waixing.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 252|252]] | ||
| [[File:Mfr icon Waixing.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 253|253]] | | [[File:Mfr icon Waixing.png|16px]] [[INES Mapper 253|253]] | ||
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Nintendo-made boards with numerous publishers get the Nintendo icon; Nintendo-made boards dominated by one publisher get that publisher's icon. | Nintendo-made boards with numerous publishers get the Nintendo icon; Nintendo-made boards dominated by one publisher get that publisher's icon. | ||
Other icons refer to status: | Other icons refer to status: | ||
* [[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] | * [[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] Duplicate mappers assigned by mistake. | ||
* [[File:Mfr icon tools.png|16px]] | * [[File:Mfr icon tools.png|16px]] Mappers reserved for use by tools, such as emulator internal use or private use during development of a new mapper. | ||
* [[File:Mfr icon homebrew.png|16px]] Mappers | * [[File:Mfr icon homebrew.png|16px]] Mappers created by the NES homebrew scene for cart releases. | ||
* [[File:Mfr icon Pirate MMC3.png|16px]] | * [[File:Mfr icon Pirate MMC3.png|16px]] Mappers for MMC3-based bootleg cartridges, both single-game and multicart. | ||
* [[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] Mappers | * [[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] Mappers for non-MMC3-based bootleg cartridges, both single-game and multicart. | ||
* [[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] Mappers for which we have some information but no identified manufacturer. | * [[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] Mappers for which we have some information but no identified manufacturer. | ||
* [[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] Mappers that are not yet documented on this wiki. Do not assume undocumented mappers are currently unassigned; consult the source code for well-used emulators like [https://github.com/rdanbrook/nestopia Nestopia], [http://sourceforge.net/p/fceultra/code/ FCEUX] | * [[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] Mappers that are not yet documented on this wiki. Do not assume undocumented mappers are currently unassigned; consult the source code for well-used emulators like [https://github.com/rdanbrook/nestopia Nestopia], [http://sourceforge.net/p/fceultra/code/ FCEUX], [https://github.com/SourMesen/Mesen Mesen], [http://www.qmtpro.com/~nes/nintendulator/ Nintendulator] and [http://unlicensed.games/libg/static.php?page=NintendulatorNRS NintendulatorNRS] | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
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|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 275|275]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 275|275]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 276|276]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 276|276]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 277|277]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 278|278]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 278|278]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 279|279]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 279|279]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 280|280]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 281|281]] | |[[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 281|281]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 282|282]] | |[[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 282|282]] | ||
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|[[File:Mfr icon Whirlwind Manu.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 309|309]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Whirlwind Manu.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 309|309]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 310|310]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 310|310]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Bad.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 311|311]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Kaiser.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 312|312]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Kaiser.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 312|312]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Pirate MMC3.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 313|313]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Pirate MMC3.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 313|313]] | ||
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|[[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 351|351]] | |[[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 351|351]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Kaiser.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 352|352]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Pirate MMC3.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 353|353]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Pirate MMC3.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 353|353]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 354|354]] | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 354|354]] | ||
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|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 370|370]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 370|370]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 371|371]] | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 371|371]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Pirate MMC3.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 372|372]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Pirate MMC3.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 373|373]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Pirate MMC3.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 374|374]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 375|375]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 376|376]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 377|377]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 378|378]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 379|379]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 380|380]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 381|381]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 382|382]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 383|383]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 384|384]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Ntdec.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 385|385]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 386|386]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 387|387]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 388|388]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Ntdec.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 389|389]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 390|390]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Pirate MMC3.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 391|391]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 392|392]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 392|392]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 393|393]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 393|393]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Realtec.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 394|394]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Realtec.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 395|395]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 396|396]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 397|397]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 398|398]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon homebrew.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 399|399]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon homebrew.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 400|400]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Pirate MMC3.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 401|401]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 402|402]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Sachen.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 403|403]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 404|404]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Bandai.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 405|405]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon homebrew.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 406|406]] | ||
|[[File: | |[[File:Mfr_icon_VRT.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 407|407]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Konami.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 408|408]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon homebrew.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 409|409]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 410|410]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 411|411]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 412|412]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon homebrew.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 413|413]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 414|414]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 415|415]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 416|416]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 417|417]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Whirlwind Manu.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 418|418]] | ||
|[[File: | |[[File:Mfr_icon_VRT.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 419|419]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon NT.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 420|420]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 421|421]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Pirate MMC3.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 422|422]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Lexibook.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 423|423]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Lexibook.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 424|424]] | ||
|[[File: | |[[File:Mfr_icon_VRT.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 425|425]] | ||
|[[File: | |[[File:Mfr_icon_VRT.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 426|426]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Lexibook.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 427|427]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 428|428]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon homebrew.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 429|429]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Pirate MMC3.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 430|430]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 431|431]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 431|431]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Realtec.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 432|432]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Realtec.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 433|433]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 434|434]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 435|435]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 435|435]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 436|436]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 436|436]] | ||
Line 536: | Line 537: | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 441|441]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 441|441]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 442|442]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 442|442]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Realtec.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 443|443]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Realtec.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 444|444]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 445|445]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 445|445]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 446|446]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 446|446]] | ||
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|[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 541|541]] | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 541|541]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 542|542]] | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 542|542]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 543|543]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Waixing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 544|544]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 545|545]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 545|545]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 546|546]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 546|546]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Konami.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 547|547]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon pirate.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 548|548]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 549|549]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 549|549]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 550|550]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Jncota.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 551|551]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Taito.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 552|552]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Sachen.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 553|553]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Kaiser.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 554|554]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Nintendo.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 555|555]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon JYCompany.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 556|556]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Kaiser.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 557|557]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Generic.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 558|558]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 559|559]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 559|559]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 560|560]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 560|560]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Bung.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 561|561]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon | |[[File:Mfr icon Venus.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 562|562]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 563|563]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 563|563]] | ||
|[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 564|564]] | |[[File:Mfr icon Missing.png|16px]] [[NES 2.0 Mapper 564|564]] | ||
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*[[UxROM]], [[BxROM]]: CHR RAM plus PRG bank switching. These are simple and cheap cartridge boards that hold far more memory than NROM. | *[[UxROM]], [[BxROM]]: CHR RAM plus PRG bank switching. These are simple and cheap cartridge boards that hold far more memory than NROM. | ||
*[[MMC1]], [[MMC3]]: These mappers provide finely grained bank switching and features such as scanline counters. Their design involves an ASIC, which makes them more complicated and expensive than other mappers. | *[[MMC1]], [[MMC3]]: These mappers provide finely grained bank switching and features such as scanline counters. Their design involves an ASIC, which makes them more complicated and expensive than other mappers. | ||
== Unassigned mappers == | |||
Some mappers which have some documentation but are currently unassigned: | |||
* [[4-in-1 multicart]] | |||
* [[4-in-1 multicart (UNROM/ANROM)]] | |||
* [[6 in 1 (MMC3 + CNROM + NROM)]] | |||
* [[Gimmick VRC4 Hack]] | |||
* [[MMC3 + NROM multicart]] | |||
* [[Pirate FME7]] | |||
* [[Rinco's 2500-in-1 / 1500-in-1 multicart cartridge]] | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
Line 905: | Line 917: | ||
* [[Comparison of Nintendo mappers]] | * [[Comparison of Nintendo mappers]] | ||
* [[List of mappers|List of mapper names and corresponding iNES mapper numbers]] | * [[List of mappers|List of mapper names and corresponding iNES mapper numbers]] | ||
* [[NES 2.0 submappers]] | |||
* [[Hardware pinout]], including mapper pinouts | * [[Hardware pinout]], including mapper pinouts | ||
Line 914: | Line 927: | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
* [http://www.romhacking.net/ | * [http://www.romhacking.net/documents/362/ Disch's detailed list of over 50 mappers] at romhacking.net | ||
* [http://kevtris.org/Projects/console/mappers/ Kevtris's mapper checklist] as implemented in his FPGA NES | * [http://kevtris.org/Projects/console/mappers/ Kevtris's mapper checklist] as implemented in his FPGA NES | ||
[[Category:Mappers|*]] | [[Category:Mappers|*]] |
Latest revision as of 01:54, 18 January 2023
NES games come in cartridges, and inside of those cartridges are various circuits and hardware. Different games use different circuits and hardware, and the configuration and capabilities of such cartridges is commonly called their mapper. Mappers are designed to extend the system and bypass its limitations, such as by adding RAM to the cartridge or even extra sound channels. More commonly though, mappers are designed to allow games larger than 40K to be made.
The term "mapper" arises from the concept of memory mapping: translating memory hardware into the CPU's and PPU's address spaces. A memory map describes which addresses correspond to which physical locations of memory.
Common capabilities
Multiple functions can be performed by the hardware and circuitry on a cartridge's printed circuit board:
- Mapping of the CHR and PRG chips into the NES's address space, which may be expanded by…
- (often) Bank switching: dynamically changing the memory mapping of cartridge memory into the NES's address spaces. By doing so, the cartridge may have more data than the address space would allow, allowing larger games to be made.
- (often) Using a battery-backed volatile RAM chip, or rarely an EEPROM, to maintain save data between play sessions
- (always) Nametable Mirroring: controlling which way the nametables are arranged, as the NES only has two nametables' worth of CIRAM but four tables addressed.
- (rarely) Providing cartridge-side CHR-RAM or ROM to supplement or replace the nametable CIRAM (4-Screen mirroring).
- (commonly) Generating interrupts, especially ones timed to occur when the PPU reaches a certain scanlines.
- (rarely) Providing additional sound-generation. The Famicom sent its audio through the cartridge port to allow the cartridge to mix in additional channels; the NES does not without modification.
- (rarely) Altering how the attribute table is mapped to provide finer attribute control.
- (rarely) Other sundry functions like fast multiplication.
Most mappers fall into one of two categories: discrete logic, and ASIC based. Some discrete logic mappers are susceptible to bus conflicts. Nintendo uses the term Memory Management Controller (or MMC for short) for its ASIC mappers ("Why Game Paks Never Forget" article in Nintendo Power) (note: it may have originally stood for "Multi Memory Controller", at least according to Japanese), while Konami's ASIC mappers use the name Virtual ROM Controller (or VRC).
Naming scheme
Discrete logic mappers are often referred to by the name of a board that they are commonly used in (e.g. "UNROM"). ASIC mappers are named after the ASIC (e.g. "MMC1" or "FME-7"), except in boards that use an ASIC in an unusual way (such as "TQROM", "TLSROM", or "NES-EVENT"). The emulation community generally refers to mappers by a numbering scheme that originated with the iNES emulator (e.g. "mapper 002"). Some mappers that were assigned the same iNES number later received a submapper designation in NES 2.0 to disambiguate their differences.
The notation used in Disch's docs describing mappers is explained here.
To allocate a mapper number, you should have A. a hardware implementation or B. an emulator implementation and a sketch of hardware. You should also have a publicly-available dump of an existing commercial cart or most of a homebrew game written.
iNES 1.0 mapper grid
This is the plane 0 table. These mappers do not require a NES 2.0 header.
Most icons next to mapper numbers refer to publishers. Nintendo-made boards with numerous publishers get the Nintendo icon; Nintendo-made boards dominated by one publisher get that publisher's icon. Other icons refer to status:
- Duplicate mappers assigned by mistake.
- Mappers reserved for use by tools, such as emulator internal use or private use during development of a new mapper.
- Mappers created by the NES homebrew scene for cart releases.
- Mappers for MMC3-based bootleg cartridges, both single-game and multicart.
- Mappers for non-MMC3-based bootleg cartridges, both single-game and multicart.
- Mappers for which we have some information but no identified manufacturer.
- Mappers that are not yet documented on this wiki. Do not assume undocumented mappers are currently unassigned; consult the source code for well-used emulators like Nestopia, FCEUX, Mesen, Nintendulator and NintendulatorNRS
Plane 1
Plane 1 (NES 2.0 mappers 256-511)
Key |
---|
|
Plane 2
Plane 2 (NES 2.0 mappers 512-767)
Key |
---|
|
Common mappers for homebrewers
- NROM: About the simplest mapper there is; 32K PRG and 8K CHR. Most beginners start with this.
- UxROM, BxROM: CHR RAM plus PRG bank switching. These are simple and cheap cartridge boards that hold far more memory than NROM.
- MMC1, MMC3: These mappers provide finely grained bank switching and features such as scanline counters. Their design involves an ASIC, which makes them more complicated and expensive than other mappers.
Unassigned mappers
Some mappers which have some documentation but are currently unassigned:
- 4-in-1 multicart
- 4-in-1 multicart (UNROM/ANROM)
- 6 in 1 (MMC3 + CNROM + NROM)
- Gimmick VRC4 Hack
- MMC3 + NROM multicart
- Pirate FME7
- Rinco's 2500-in-1 / 1500-in-1 multicart cartridge
See also
- Nintendo: MMC1, MMC2, MMC3, MMC4, MMC5 with audio, MMC6
- Konami: VRC1, VRC2, VRC3, VRC4, VRC6 with audio, VRC7 with audio, VRC IRQs
- Others: Color Dreams, Namco 163 with audio, NINA-001, NINA-03/06, SUBOR, Sunsoft FME-7 with audio (Sunsoft 5B)
- List of mappers with board names
- List of mappers by Release Date
- List of discrete logic mappers
- List of iNES mapper numbers
- Comparison of Nintendo mappers
- List of mapper names and corresponding iNES mapper numbers
- NES 2.0 submappers
- Hardware pinout, including mapper pinouts
References
- Nintendulator source code
- Nestopia source code
- FCEUX source code
- Planes proposal
External links
- Disch's detailed list of over 50 mappers at romhacking.net
- Kevtris's mapper checklist as implemented in his FPGA NES